Vietnam’s agricultural extension system includes both public and private services. The national system, officially established in 1993 under Decree No. 13/NĐ-CP, has been central to agricultural development since the Doi Moi reform. Once unable to meet domestic food demand, Vietnam is now self-sufficient and among the world’s leading exporters, with agricultural exports reaching USD 62.5 billion and a trade surplus of USD 18.6 billion. From 2020 to 2024, the sector maintained an average annual GDP growth of over 3%, supporting 42% of the workforce. Over three decades, the extension system has helped farmers adopt technological innovations, though it faces major challenges: fragmented organization, personnel shortages, limited budgets, outdated methods, and competition from private services. These weaknesses have reduced technology transfer efficiency. Meanwhile, private extension remains too limited to replace the state-led system. Strengthening and modernizing Vietnam’s agricultural extension system is therefore critical to ensuring sustainable agricultural growth and rural development.